中學英語作文美國歷史

『壹』 用英文介紹美國歷史

Native Americans and European settlers
The indigenous peoples of the U.S. mainland, including Alaska Natives, are believed to have migrated from Asia, beginning between 12,000 and 40,000 years ago.Some, such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture, developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies. After Europeans began settling the Americas, many millions of indigenous Americans died from epidemics of imported diseases such as smallpox.

In 1492, Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus, under contract to the Spanish crown, reached several Caribbean islands, making first contact with the indigenous people. On April 2, 1513, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León landed on what he called "La Florida"— first documented European arrival on what would become the U.S. mainland. Spanish settlements in the region were followed by ones in the present-day southwestern United States that drew thousands through Mexico. French fur traders established outposts of New France around the Great Lakes; France eventually claimed much of the North American interior, down to the Gulf of Mexico. The first successful English settlements were the Virginia Colony in Jamestown in 1607 and the Pilgrims' Plymouth Colony in 1620. The 1628 chartering of the Massachusetts Bay Colony resulted in a wave of migration; by 1634, New England had been settled by some 10,000 Puritans. Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution, about 50,000 convicts were shipped to Britain's American colonies. Beginning in 1614, the Dutch settled along the lower Hudson River, including New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island.
In 1674, the Dutch ceded their American territory to England; the province of New Netherland was renamed New York. Many new immigrants, especially to the South, were indentured servants—some two-thirds of all Virginia immigrants between 1630 and 1680.By the turn of the 18th century, African slaves were becoming the primary source of bonded labor. With the 1729 division of the Carolinas and the 1732 colonization of Georgia, the thirteen British colonies that would become the United States of America were established. All had local governments with elections open to most free men, with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self-government stimulating support for republicanism. All legalized the African slave trade. With high birth rates, low death rates, and steady immigration, the colonial population grew rapidly. The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty. In the French and Indian War, British forces seized Canada from the French, but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. Excluding the Native Americans (popularly known as "American Indians"), who were being displaced, those thirteen colonies had a population of 2.6 million in 1770, about one-third that of Britain; nearly one in five Americans were black slaves. Though subject to British taxation, the American colonials had no representation in the Parliament of Great Britain.

『貳』 對美國歷史的看法用英文100字左右

1. Name and describe in a couple of sentences each 3 U.S. government programs/policies/laws enacted ring the 1860s-1880s that promoted one or more of the following: the rapid economic development of the West, the 「removal」 of indigenous peoples, and the in migration of European-Americans.
2. What political and racial developments in the South ring the first year after the Civil War outraged Northern Republicans? What motivations, political and moral, from 1867-1877, did Northern Republicans have for promoting voting and civil rights among the ex-slaves in the South?
3. What fundamental economic problem confronted most Freedmen in the South after Emancipation? Did Congress provide much help? How did Sharecropping help Freemen in the short run and hurt them in the long run?

『叄』 美國歷史介紹，要英文版的~在線等

the
full
name
of
the
united
states
of
america
usa
(english:
united
states
of
america),
was
a
british
colony,
all
sorts
of
factors
e
to
rise
graally
and
become
a
powerful
nation.
北美洲原始居民為印第安人。16-18世紀，正在進行資本原始積累的西歐各國相繼入侵北美洲。到了十八世紀中期，在北美大西洋沿岸建立了十三塊殖民地，殖民地的經濟，文化，政治相對成熟。[1]但是殖民地與英國之間產生了裂痕，英國繼續對北美地區採取高壓政策，引起了北美地區居民強烈不滿。從1776年到1783年，北美十三州在華盛頓領導下取得了獨立戰爭的勝利。[2]美國正式誕生，先後制定了一系列民主政治的法令。逐步成為成為一個完全獨立的民族主權國家。[3]美國獨立後積極進行領土擴展，美國領土逐漸由大西洋沿岸擴張到太平洋沿岸。經濟發生了顯著變化，北部、南部經濟沿著不同方向發展。[4]南北矛盾日益加重。
1861年4月至1865年4月，美國南方與北方之間進行的戰爭，又稱美國內戰。最終是北方領導的資產階級獲勝統一全國統一。[5]1865年開始了重建時期，逐步廢除奴隸制，1877年，南部進行民主重建，制訂了民主的進步法令，標志著民主重建的結束。[6]後來美國完成了工業革命，經濟實力大增，兩次世界大戰奠定了美國在資本主義世界中霸主的地位。冷戰開始後和蘇聯平分天下。[7]冷戰結束後，美國成為世界上唯一的超級大國。但是二十世紀八十年代年美國經濟情況仍較平穩。[7]進入90年代，美國計算機產業發展迅速，並帶動全球的高科技信息產業，開拓了新一代的產業革命。
the
original
inhabitants
of
north
america
for
the
indians.
the
16-18
century,
the
western
european
countries
of
the
primitive
accumulation
of
capital
are
successively
invaded
north
america.
by
the
middle
of
the
eighteenth
century,
the
atlantic
coast
in
north
america
established
thirteen
colonies,
colonial
economy,
culture,
politics
is
relatively
mature.
[1]
but
between
the
colonies
and
the
british
have
cracks,
the
british
continued
to
take
high
handed
policy
to
north
america,
caused
strong
resentment
among
the
residents
of
north
america
area.
from
1776
to
1783,
thirteen
states
of
north
america
achieved
the
victory
of
the
war
of
independence
under
the
leadership
in
washington.
[2]
american
formally
birth,
has
formulated
a
series
of
democratic
politics
and
law.
graally
become
an
independent
sovereign
nation.
[3]
american
independent
active
territorial
expansion,
american
territory
graally
from
the
atlantic
coast
to
the
pacific
coast
of
expansion.
changes
in
economy,
the
economic
development
of
north
and
south,
along
different
directions.
[4]
south
north
contradiction
is
increasingly
aggravating.
1861
april
to
1865
april,
between
north
and
south
usa
war,
also
known
as
american
civil
war.
the
final
is
the
north
led
the
bourgeois
win
unified
national
unity.
[5]1865
began
a
period
of
reconstruction,
the
abolition
of
slavery,
graally
in
1877,
southern
democratic
reconstruction,
made
the
progress
of
democracy
act,
marking
the
end
of
democratic
reconstruction.
[6]
later
american
completed
the
instrial
revolution,
the
economic
strength
increases,
the
two
world
war
laid
the
usa
hegemony
in
the
capitalist
world
position.
the
start
of
the
cold
war
and
the
soviet
union
shared
world.
[7]
after
the
end
of
the
cold
war,
america
become
the
only
superpower
in
the
world.
but
in
twentieth
century
eighty
years
usa
economic
situation
remained
stable.
[7]
enter
90
age,
the
development
of
usa
computer
instry,
high-tech
information
instry
and
lead
the
global,
open
up
a
new
generation
of
instrial
revolution.

『肆』 美國歷史簡介英文版, 簡介一下歷史上的Affirmative Action要英文版！！！

The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State. The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France. The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously mped caffeinated cargo overboard ring the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon mped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo ring the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California. The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introced universal alt male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber. The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 ring the Cuban Missile Crisis. The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock & roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, e to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low. The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining instrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns ring the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in 1996 and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The 2000 presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history. The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.

『伍』 推薦幾本講述美國歷史與文化的英文書籍

1、《美國歷史與文化》

是2007年1月浙江大學出版社出版圖書，譯者是王加豐、周旭東。

主要內容提要：高等學校人才培養模式改革涉及的核心課題之一,是構建符合現代社會理念並能體現科技進步水平的教學知識體系。理想的大學教學知識體系應具有時代性、先進性、學術性和適切性,並且具體體現在能夠展現上述先進理念與特徵的教材體系與課程內容之中。

全書分為三篇,主要內容包括獨立戰爭與南北戰爭,環境保護和環境保護運動,清教精神與實用主義,發明創造和科學探索精神,喬治·華盛頓等。

2、《美國簡史》

是2013年1月1日安徽人民出版社出版的圖書，作者是王毅。該書是一部涉及政治、經濟、法律、宗教、文化等諸多領域的美國史書。

《美國簡史》是一部通俗、生動的美國史書，由北京新東方教師編著。作者以其淵博的知識，講述了從哥倫布發現新大陸至第二次世界大戰前的美國歷史，對這個時期的歷史事件、西方文明、科技發明以及美國的政治生活進行了深刻而獨到的描述。

還特別介紹了殖民地、獨立戰爭、南北戰爭以及美國發展時期的一些重要歷史人物。為了使讀者能夠了解每章內容概況，本書還附加200多幅彩色照片，這是與其他版本不同的地方。

3、《美國人：建國的經歷》

作者：(美)丹尼爾·J·布爾斯廷。原版名稱《The Americans：The National Experience》。

內容介紹：1944年，作者在芝加哥大學任教期間，他曾經有一個獨特的學術觀點，認為美國人實用主義和注重現實的民族性格，並非來自某種教條或信仰，而是在定居北美大陸的過程中，在環境的磨煉下自然形成了。這個觀點可能構成了他後來寫作《美國人》三部曲的主要動機。

這三部曲以150萬字的篇幅，全景式的展現了美國從殖民地一直到當代的400年間的歷史發展，引起了轟動。作者也因此確定了美國史專家的學術地位。這套三部曲獲得很多獎項，最後一本《民主歷程》還奪得了1973年普利策最佳歷史學著作。

4、《美國種族簡史》

是2011年11月9日中信出版社出版的圖書，作者是托馬斯·索威爾。

《美國種族簡史》作者在《美國種族簡史》一書中，用大量的史實、數字，深入淺出地講述了各個種族在美國的奮斗史、文化史，包括愛爾蘭人、德國人、義大利人、日本人、猶太人、華人、墨西哥人、黑人、波多黎各人等。

眾所周知，美國是世界文化的大熔爐。各個種族無論在基因上，還是在文化上都有其本國固有的特質。和其他種族比起來，這些固有的性質也使其在眾多種族共存的環境中凸顯出來。

5、《劍橋美國史》

一書由[英] 蘇珊-瑪麗·格蘭特所著，新星出版社出版發行。

作者在《美國種族簡史》一書中，用大量的史實、數字，深入淺出地講述了各個種族在美國的奮斗史、文化史，包括愛爾蘭人、德國人、義大利人、日本人、猶太人、華人、墨西哥人、黑人、波多黎各人等。

眾所周知，美國是世界文化的大熔爐。各個種族無論在基因上，還是在文化上都有其本國固有的特質。和其他種族比起來，這些有的性質也使其在眾多種族共存的環境中凸顯出來。

肯遠離祖籍國來到美國的人們，和他們周圍的人相比，更具有進取心，在面對困境時更主動，因此凸現出來的種族特點就更加明顯。

雖然個性或者思考方式很大程度上取決於人們所處的階級，但是依然呈現出很多通用的成功必備的品質，比如重視教育、勤奮、積極、重視經驗的傳遞，這適用於所有的行業。

在美國，種族成功的唯一出路是將自身傳統優勢發揮到極致，並堅持不懈地適應和改進。今天美國最富有的猶太人和日本人，無一不是這個經驗的充分實踐者。

本書1981年在美國出版，至今已30年。美國種族史具有超出種族本身的內涵，書中詳實的數據資料、對種族特點的分析和觀點直到現在仍不過時，並且對於經濟和文化越來越多元化的中國具有十分重要的意義。

參考資料來源：

網路-美國人：建國的經歷

網路-美國簡史

網路-美國歷史與文化

『陸』 美國歷史 （英文版）

History of the United States

This article is part of
the U.S. History
series.
Native Americans in the United States
Colonial America
1776–1789
1789–1849
1849–1865
1865–1918
1918–1945
1945–1964
1964–1980
1980–1987
1988–present
Timeline · The United States is a country occupying part of the North American continent ranging from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean and including outlying areas as well. The first inhabitants of the area now claimed by the United States arrived at least 12,000 years ago, probably by crossing the Bering land bridge into Alaska. Relatively little is known of these early settlers compared to the Europeans who colonized the area after the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Columbus' men were also the first known Old Worlders to land in the territory of the United States when they arrived in Puerto Rico the next year on their second voyage; the first European known to set foot in the continental U.S. was Juan Ponce de León, who arrived in Florida in 1513, though he may have been preceded by John Cabot in 1497.

Contents [hide]
1 Pre-Colonial America
2 Early European settlements
3 Colonial America (1493-1776)
4 Formation of the United States (1776-1789)
5 Westward Expansion (1789–1849)
6 Civil War Era (1849–1865)
7 Reconstruction and the Rise of Instrialization (1865–1918)
8 Post World War I and the Great Depression (1918–1940)
9 Homefront: World War II (1940-1945)
10 Cold War Beginnings and the Civil Rights Movement (1945–1964)
11 Cold War (1964–1980)
12 End of the Cold War (1980–1988)
13 Modern Era (1988–present)
14 See also
15 Literature
16 External links

[edit]
Pre-Colonial America
Main articles: Native Americans in the United States and Pre-Columbian

Monk's Mound in Cahokia, Illinois, at 100 feet high is the largest man-made earthen mound in North America, was part of a city which had thousands of people around 1050 ADArcheologists believe that the present-day United States was first populated by people migrating from Asia via the Bering land bridge sometime between 50,000 and 11,000 years ago.[1] These people became the indigenous people who inhabited the Americas prior to the arrival of European explorers in the 1400s and who are now called Native Americans.

Many cultures thrived in the Americas before Europeans came, including the Puebloans (Anasazi) in the southwest and the Adena Culture in the east. Several such societies and communities, over time, intensified this practice of established settlements, and grew to support sizeable and concentrated populations. Agriculture was independently developed in what is now the eastern United States as early as 2500 BC, based on the domestication of indigenous sunflower, squash and goosefoot.[2] Eventually, the Mexican crops of maize and legumes were adapted to the shorter summers of eastern North America and replaced the indigenous crops.

[edit]
Early European settlements
One recorded European exploration of the Americas was by Christopher Columbus in 1492, sailing on behalf of the King and Queen of Spain. He did not reach mainland America until his fourth voyage, almost 20 years after his first voyage. He first landed on Haiti, where the Arawaks, whom he mistook for people of the Indies (thus, "Indians") greeted him and his fleet by swimming out to their ships with gifts and food. Columbus, after island-hopping for several months, heard nothing of gold, his main drive for the voyage. However, he realized that a great market of slavery could be made with these populations. By 1550, there were only 500 Arawaks left; about 250,000 Indians on Haiti had died from murder or suicide.

After a period of exploration by various European countries, Dutch, Spanish, English, French, Swedish, and Portuguese settlements were established. Columbus was the first European to set foot in U.S. territory when he came to Puerto Rico in 1493; the oldest remaining European settlements in the U.S. are San Juan, Puerto Rico, founded 1521, and on the mainland, St. Augustine in what is now the state of Florida, founded in 1565.

In the 15th century, Spaniards and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. The introction of the horse had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America. The horse offered revolutionary speed and efficiency, both while hunting and in battle. The horse also became a sort of currency for native tribes and nations. Horses became a pivotal part in solidifying social hierarchy, expanding trade areas with neighboring tribes, and creating a stereotype both to their advantage and against it.

[edit]
Colonial America (1493-1776)

The Mayflower, which transported Pilgrims to the New World, arrived in 1620.
Territorial expansion of the United States, omitting Oregon and other claims.Main article: Colonial America

In 1607, the Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown Settlement on the James River, both named after King James IColonial America was defined by ongoing battles between mainly English-speaking colonists and Natives, by a severe labor shortage that gave birth to forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude, and by a British policy of benign neglect (salutary neglect) that permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders.

The first truly successful English colony was established in 1607, on the James River near the Chesapeake Bay. The Virginia Company of London financed the purchase of three ships to transport settlers to the Virginia colony. The names of the three ships were The Susan Constant, Godspeed and the Discovery. The leader of the group was Captain Christopher Newport. Also on board was John Smith, an explorer, soldier, and writer. King James decided to give the Virginia Company a charter for the settlement. The settlers sought a location which had fresh water, deep water to dock their ships, and was easy to defend. The settlement was named Jamestown after the king. England also wanted to find gold, silver and other riches in North America.

As increasing numbers of settlers arrived in Virginia, many conflicts arose between the Native Americans and the colonists. The colonists increasingly appropriated land to farm and grow tobacco. This was the beginning of a general trend towards displacing Native Americans westward to make room for settlers. [1]

One example of conflict between Native Americans and English settlers was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia, in which Indians had killed hundreds of English settlers. The largest conflict between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century was King Philip's War in New England. [2]

Differences of language, religion and culture also contributed to the friction between the two groups. At the base of the friction was an assumption by the English colonists of racial, cultural and moral superiority. [3]

[Subject Matter: Technology, the Body, and Science on the Anglo-American Frontier, 1500-1676. By Joyce E. Chaplin . (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001] [John Wood Sweet. Bodies Politic - Negotiating Race in the American North, 1730-1830. Johns Hopkins University Press]

New England was founded by two separate groups of religious dissenters. A second group of colonists called the Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, were characterized by a large degree of diversity. The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina, with Georgia Colony the last of the Thirteen Colonies established in 1733.

Spain claimed or controlled a large part of what is now the central and western United States as part of New Spain which included Spanish Florida, California and Texas. In 1682, French explorer Sieur de La Salle explored the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, and claimed the entire territory as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, which became New France. The Louisiana Territory, under Spanish control since the end of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), remained off-limits to settlement from the 13 American colonies. The colonies of East Florida, West Florida, Grenada, and Quebec, added to Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris (1763), were part of British North America open to travel, and ring the revolutionay war many Loyalists fled to them.

These are historic regions of the United States, meaning regions that were legal entities in the past, or which the average modern American would no longer immediately recognize as a regional description.

[edit]
Formation of the United States (1776-1789)

Washington's crossing of the Delaware, one of America's first successes in the Revolutionary war
The presentation of the Declaration of IndependenceMain article: History of the United States (1776-1789)
During this period the United States won its independence from Great Britain with help from France in the American War of Independence, or the American Revolutionary War as it is called in Great-Britain, and the thirteen former colonies established themselves as the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation.

On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, still meeting in Philadelphia declared the independence of the United States in a remarkable document, the Declaration of Independence, primarily authored by Thomas Jefferson. Although it is said that Morocco was the first country in the World to officialy recognize the newly sovereign United States in 1777 it was the Dutch Governor Johannes de Graaff which fired a 11 gun salute when a US war ship called Andrew Doria flying the flag of the new United States sailed into Gallows Bay of St. Eustatius, part of the Netherlands Antilles, on November 16 1776, and the Netherlands became the first foreign country (de facto) to recognize the United States. The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship treaty. Signed by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, it has been in continuous effect since 1783.

The Boston Tea Party in 1773, often seen as the event which started the American RevolutionThe United States celebrates its founding date as July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence that rejected British authority in favor of self-determination. The structure of the government was profoundly changed on March 4, 1789, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The new government reflected a radical break from the normative governmental structures of the time, favoring representative, elective government with a weak executive, rather than the existing monarchial structures common within the western traditions of the time. The system borrowed heavily from enlightenment age ideas and classical western philosophy, in that a primacy was placed upon indivial liberty and upon constraining the power of government through division of powers and a system of checks and balances.

The colonists' victory at Saratoga led the French into an open alliance with the United States. In 1781, a combined American and French Army, acting with the support of a French fleet, captured a large British army, led by General Cornwallis, at Yorktown, Virginia (see Siege of Yorktown). The surrender of General Cornwallis ended serious British efforts to find a military solution to their American problem.

A series of attempts to organize a movement to outline and press reforms culminated in the Congress calling the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

US growth maps
Animated: large · small
Years
1775 · 1790 · 1800 · 1810 · 1820 · 1830 · 1840 · 1850 · 1860 · 1870 · 1880 · 1900 · 1920

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[edit]
Westward Expansion (1789–1849)
Main article: History of the United States (1789–1849)
During this period, the United States government was established by its first president, George Washington, and the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, and various Indian Wars expanded and consolidated the land expanse of the United States--while largely displacing the indigenous population.

Economic growth in America per capita incomeGeorge Washington, a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War, commander and chief of the Continental Army, and president of the Constitutional Convention, became the first President of the United States under the new U.S. Constitution. The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, when settlers in the Monongahela Valley of western Pennsylvania protested against a federal tax on liquor and distilled drinks, was the first serious test of the federal government.

The Louisiana Purchase, in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the important Mississippi River waterway, removed the French presence from the western border of the United States, and provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion. In response to continued British impressment of American sailors into the British Navy Madison had the Twelfth United States Congress— led by Southern and Western Jeffersonians — declare war on Britain in 1812. The United States and Britain came to a draw in the War of 1812, after bitter fighting that lasted until January 8, 1815. The Treaty of Ghent, officially ending the war, essentially resulted in the maintenance of the 'status quo ante bellum'; but, crucially for the U.S., saw the end of the British alliance with the Native Americans.

The Monroe Doctrine, expressed in 1823, proclaimed the United States' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas; this was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States.

In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Indian tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River. This established Andrew Jackson, a military hero and president, as a cunning tyrant in regards to native populations. This Act resulted in the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes dying en route to the West, the Creek's violent opposition and eventual defeat and the Cherokee Nation taking up farming and "civilized behavior." The Cherokees, under Jackson's presidency, were eventually pushed from their land; even after success with agriculture, trade, and the creation of the first North American Indian written language. The Indian Removal Act also directly caused the ceding of Spanish Florida and subsequently led to the many Seminole Wars.

US territorial growth, 1810-1920Mexico refused to accept the annexation of Texas in 1845, and war broke out in 1846. The U.S., using regulars and large numbers of volunteers, defeated Mexico, which was badly led, short on resources, and was plagued by a divided command. Public sentiment in the States was also divided, as Whigs and anti-slavery forces opposed the war. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded California, New Mexico and adjacent areas to the United States. In 1850, the issue of slavery in the new territories was settled by the Compromise of 1850 brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas.

[edit]
Civil War Era (1849–1865)

The Battle of Gettysburg, the bloodiest battle and turning point of the American Civil WarMain article: History of the United States (1849–1865)
This period of United States history saw the breakdown of the ability of white Americans of the North and South to reconcile fundamental differences in their approach to government, economics, society and African American slavery. Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the South seceded to form the Confederate States of America, the Civil War followed, with the ultimate defeat of the South.

In 1854, the proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act abrogated the Missouri Compromise by providing that each new state of the Union would decide its stance on slavery. After the election of Abraham Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union between late 1860 and 1861, establishing a rebel government, the Confederate States of America on February 9, 1861.

Blue the Union; Red the ConfederacyThe Civil War began when Confederate General Pierre Beauregard opened fire upon Fort Sumter. They fired because Fort Sumter was in a confederate state. Along with the northwestern portion of Virginia, four of the five northernmost "slave states" did not secede, and became known as the Border States. Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North when General Robert E. Lee led 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland. The Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17 1862, was the bloodiest single day in American history. At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made General Ulysses S. Grant commander of all Union armies. Sherman marched from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John B. Hood. Sherman's army laid waste to about 20% of the farms in Georgia in his celebrated "March to the Sea", and reaching the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah in December 1864. Lee finally surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House.

[edit]
Reconstruction and the Rise of Instrialization (1865–1918)

General Custer's last stand in the Battle of the Little BighornMain article: History of the United States (1865–1918)
After its civil war, America experienced an accelerated rate of instrialization, mainly in the northern states. However, Reconstruction and its failure left the Southern whites in a position of firm control over its black population, denying them their Civil Rights and keeping them in a state of economic, social and political servitude. Since the late 1800s, the United States has been formally grouped amongst the Great Powers, and has also become a dominant economic force.

U.S. Federal government policy, since the James Monroe administration, had been to move the indigenous population beyond the reach of the white frontier into a series of Indian Reservations. In 1876, the last serious Sioux war erupted, when the Dakota gold rush penetrated the Black Hills.

Ellis island in 1902, the main immigration port for immigrants entering the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.An unprecedented wave of immigration to the United States served both to provide the labor for American instry and to create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas. Native American tribes were generally forced onto small reservations as white farmers and ranchers took over their lands. Abusive instrial practices led to the often violent rise of the labor movement in the United States.

The United States began its rise to international power in this period with substantial population and instrial growth domestically, and a number of military ventures abroad, including the Spanish-American War, which began when the United States blamed the sinking of the USS Maine (ACR-1) on Spain without any real evidence.

This period was capped by the 1917 entry of the United States into World War I.

『柒』 英文版關於美國歷史的論文2000單詞左右

這得有懸賞才行

『捌』 急求一篇關於美國歷史發展的英語作文啊

「I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."
Mr. King's dream of all men created equal is mine too. When I hear his speech, I come to know thatI have the same dream that people should work together and live together like brothers. Nobody will take advantage of others,with less work but more income. But no, Mr King's dream remains as a dream even after so many decades since he left us. Look, people who have more houses want to keep them all for themselves, although there are so many people who do not even have a room to stay in. On the other hand, many people ,who have nothing, do not want to work harder to earn something on their own. They just complain that all men are not created equal.
So, if we look close at human beings, we will realize that Mr. King's dream will be a dream for a long, long time. Still, I admire him because at least he has a great dream, which is leading many people to treat others better.
本篇是關於馬丁路德金的一篇文章，馬丁路德金發動了美國民權運動，將「非暴力」和「直接行動」作為社會變革的方法，迫使美國國會在1964年通過（民權法案），宣布種族歧視和隔離政策為非法政策。

『玖』 求一篇有關美國歷史的小故事，要求英文版！不要超過300

1870年美國鐵路的價格大戰和其出人意料的結果。
當年美國有兩條基本平行的鐵路干線，一條叫「伊利」鐵路，老闆叫古爾德；另一條叫「中央」鐵路，老闆是船王范德比爾特。雙方為了爭奪從水牛城到紐約的牲畜運輸貨源，進行了一場「殊死的」搏鬥。
那年5月，他們打起了價格戰。船王范德比爾特運輸一個車皮牲口的成本價是125美元，古爾德卻把價格降低到每車皮75美元。船王方面當仁不讓，進一步降到50美元，古爾德以25美元的價格回敬。船王無疑自認為可以比伊利鐵路更能承受這種自殺性的降價，也如法炮製再次降價。
在當年的6月25日，船王索性把價格降到了純屬象徵意義的每車皮只收1美元的荒唐水平，而古爾德似乎被對方壓到不再跟進。
當新價格開始實施之後，船王范德比爾特得到報告，伊利鐵路上的火車趟趟放空，而他的中央鐵路線上卻車車滿載。船王特喜不自勝！
但他很快就查明了原委，發現自己上了古爾德的大當！原來古爾德把從中西部運至水牛城的所有的牛全部買下來，然後通過幾乎是免費的中央鐵路，將這些牛運到紐約，轉手倒賣大發橫財
船王這才明白，自己的鐵路線上賓士著的滿載的列車，都是在為自己的競爭對手古爾德白白地幹活。他幾乎氣瘋了！為自己如此輕易地被對手擊敗而感到恥辱和憤怒，發誓「再也不跟這幫騙子打任何交道」。
我發覺這真是個資本主義發展史上的經典故事，把那種殺人不見血的競爭表現得淋漓盡致！我想學經濟類專業的朋友可能聽老師講過這個故事。隔行如隔山，對政治經濟學孤陋寡聞的我，簡直對這些「資本家」的手段「佩服」得五體投地！我上網一查，在兩本翻譯成中文的書《華爾街的惡魔天才》和《偉大的博弈: 華爾街金融帝國的崛起》中，都記載了這個故事，只是略有出入，有興趣的朋友不妨去找來仔細讀讀。特別對有意在商海揚帆的朋友，一定大有裨益！
In 1870 the United States railway price war and beyond all expectations of the results.

In the United States has two substantially parallel to the railway line, one called " Erie" railway, the boss told Gould; another is "the central" railway, the boss is ship king vanderbilt. Both sides in order to capture from buffalo to New York cattle transport supply, concted a " desperate".

In May of that year, they hit the price war. Ship king Vanderbilt transport a wagon stock cost is $125, but Gould to bring the price down to $75 per wagon. Ship king aspects then, further reced to $50, Gould at a price of $25. Ship king certainly think can than the Erie Railroad can withstand this suicide rection, also be modeled on the prices again.

In June 25th of that year, the ship king simply bring the price down to a purely symbolic significance of each wagon only $1 absurd levels, while Gould appears to be pressed to no longer follow up.

When the new price begins to carry out, ship king Vanderbilt received reports of the Erie Railroad, the train trip times are short, and his central railway line is car loaded with. Wang Texi did not win since the ship!

But he soon found out the whole story, found himself in Gould's big when! The original Gould took from the Midwest to Buffalo all cattle all buy down, then through virtually free of the central railroad, the Niu Yun to New York, reselling windfall

The ship Wang Zhecai knew that, own railway line runs the crowded trains, is for his rival Gould white work. He was almost driven mad! Himself for being so easily defeated by his opponent and the shame and anger, vowed" never tell any dealings with this group of swindlers".

I find it really is a capitalist development history classic story, take that kill without spilling blood in the competition is behaved most incisive! I want to learn economy kind professional friends may listen to the teacher told this story. Interlacing as foster, on political economics with very limited knowledge and scanty information I, was the" capitalist" means" admire" extremely admire! I checked on the Internet, in two the translation into Chinese of book" Wall Street of the evil genius" and" the great game: Wall Street financial empires", recorded the story, just a slight discrepancy, interested friends may wish to carefully read. Particularly intended to sail to the sea friends, must be of great advantage!

『拾』 求一篇美國歷史小故事 英文版

The first of the British colonies to take hold in North America was Jamestown. On the basis of a charter which King James I granted to the Virginia (or London) Company, a group of about 100 men set out for the Chesapeake Bay in 1607. Seeking to avoid conflict with the Spanish, they chose a site about 60 kilometers up the James River from the bay.
Made up of townsmen and adventurers more interested in finding gold than farming, the group was unequipped by temperament or ability to embark upon a completely new life in the wilderness. Among them, Captain John Smith emerged as the dominant figure. Despite quarrels, starvation and Indian attacks, his ability to enforce discipline held the little colony together through its first year.
In 1609 Smith returned to England, and in his absence, the colony descended into anarchy. During the winter of 1609-1610, the majority of the colonists succumbed to disease. Only 60 of the original 300 settlers were still alive by May 1610. That same year, the town of Henrico (now Richmond) was established farther up the James River.
It was not long, however, before a development occurred that revolutionized Virginia's economy. In 1612 John Rolfe began cross-breeding imported tobacco seed from the West Indies with native plants and proced a new variety that was pleasing to European taste. The first shipment of this tobacco reached London in 1614. Within a decade it had become Virginia's chief source of revenue.
Prosperity did not come quickly, however, and the death rate from disease and Indian attacks remained extraordinarily high. Between 1607 and 1624 approximately 14,000 people migrated to the colony, yet only 1,132 were living there in 1624. On recommendation of a royal commission, the king dissolved the Virginia Company, and made it a royal colony that year.